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Module 1: Introduction to Substations
• Overview of substations and their importance in power systems
• Types of substations: transmission, distribution, and generation
• Key components and their roles in substation operation
• Understanding the single-line diagram (SLD) of a substation
Module 2: Substation Layout Planning
• Site selection criteria for substations
• Factors influencing substation layout design
• Substation equipment placement and arrangement
• Understanding safety clearances and maintenance accessibility
Module 3: Electrical Equipment in Substations
• Power transformers: design, operation, and specifications
• Circuit breakers: types, ratings, and selection
• Isolators and earthing switches
• Instrument transformers: current and voltage transformers
• Lightning arresters and surge protection devices
Module 4: Substation Busbar Systems
• Types of busbar configurations: single bus, double bus, ring bus, and breaker-and-a-half schemes
• Design considerations for busbars
• Load flow and fault analysis for busbar design
• Advantages and limitations of different configurations
Module 5: Earthing and Grounding System Design
• Importance of grounding in substations
• Types of grounding systems: solid, resistance, and reactance grounding
• Step and touch potential analysis
• Design and calculation of earthing grids
Module 6: Protection and Control Systems
• Protection relays: types and functions
• Design of protection schemes for transformers, busbars, and feeders
• SCADA systems for substation automation
• Communication protocols in substations: IEC 61850 and others
Module 7: HV and MV Switchgear Design
• Types of switchgear: air-insulated (AIS) and gas-insulated (GIS)
• Design considerations for switchgear selection
• Operation and maintenance of switchgear
• Arc flash hazards and mitigation techniques
Module 8: Substation Auxiliary Systems
• Battery systems and DC power supply
• Auxiliary transformers and their role
• Lighting and HVAC systems for substations
• Emergency backup systems
Module 9: Estimation and Costing for Substations
• Cost components of substation projects
• Material and labor estimation
• Preparing a bill of quantities (BOQ)
• Budgeting and cost optimization techniques
Module 10: Regulatory and Compliance Requirements
• Standards for substation design (IEEE, IEC, IS, etc.)
• Environmental and safety regulations
• Documentation and approval process
• Case studies of regulatory challenges
Module 11: Substation Testing and Commissioning
• Pre-commissioning tests for equipment
• Functional testing of protection and control systems
• Preparing a commissioning report
• Troubleshooting common issues during commissioning
Module 12: Substation Automation Systems
• Introduction to digital substations
• Intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) and their applications
• Integration of IoT and AI in substation operations
• Cybersecurity in substations
Module 13: High-Voltage Transmission Line Interface
• Connection of substations with transmission lines
• Design of overhead and underground transmission interfaces
• Insulation coordination and lightning protection
• Voltage drop and power loss calculations
Module 14: Substation Renovation and Upgradation
• Factors leading to substation upgradation
• Retrofitting switchgear and other equipment
• Upgrading protection and control systems
• Managing downtime during renovations
Module 15: Case Studies and Practical Applications
• Real-life case studies of substation projects
• Common challenges in substation design and estimation
• Lessons learned from failed substation designs
• Future trends in substation engineering
ESTIMATION AND COSTING FOR 765 KVA SUBSTATION PROJECT
1. Power Transformers
2. Switchgear Components
3. Busbar System
4. Instrument Transformers
5. Surge Protection
6. Earthing and Grounding Systems
7. Insulators
8. Protection and Control Equipment
9. Auxiliary Power Systems
10. Substation Structures
11. High-Voltage Transmission Line Interface
12. Auxiliary Systems
13. Civil and Structural Components
14. Estimation and Monitoring Tools
