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Introduction & Scope of LGSF Costing
1-LGSF-Costing-Mastery
1.1 Definition of LGSF beams, columns and ancillary members
1.2 Estimator’s workflow: from drawings to cost summary
1.3 Key cost drivers and accuracy checkpoints
Material Specifications & Unit Pricing
2-LGSF-Structure-Estimation-and-Costing
2.1 Common steel grades, thicknesses and coatings
2.2 Supplier price lists, freight and handling allowances
2.3 Price escalation factors and validity periods
Section Properties & Weight Computation
3-Section-Properties-and-Weight-Computation
3.1 Calculating sectional area and unit weight (kg/m) in plain text: “Weight = Sectional area × Density of steel”
3.2 Wastage allowance: percentage for shearing, punching and off-cuts
3.3 Converting weight to cost: “Material cost = Weight × Unit rate”
Quantity Take-off for Beams & Columns
4-Quantity-Take-off-for-LGSF-Beams-and-Columns
4.1 Extracting member lengths from structural drawings
4.2 Counting piece quantities versus linear measurements
4.3 Tabular layout for take-off: ID, profile, length, qty, weight
Take-off for Secondary & Bracing Members
5-Take-off-for-Secondary-and-Bracing-Members_
5.1 Noggings, straps, bracings and knee-braces
5.2 Purlins, rafters and transoms in roof framing
5.3 Consolidating all elements in one summary table
Fasteners, Connectors & Accessories
6-Fasteners-Connectors-and-Accessories-for-LGSF-Structures
6.1 Estimating screws, bolts, rivets: qty per joint rules
6.2 Washers, stiffeners, clip angles and flashing strips
6.3 Cost build-up: unit rate × quantity table
Labour Productivity & Crew Rates
7-Labour-Productivity-and-Crew-Rates-for-LGSF-Structures
7.1 Standard labour hours per tonne of steel framing
7.2 Crew composition: erector, helper, welder rates
7.3 Labour cost calculation: “Labour cost = Hours × Hourly rate”
Equipment & Plant Cost Analysis
8-Equipment-and-Plant-Cost-Analysis-for-LGSF-Structures
8.1 Roll-forming machines, shearing and drilling tools
8.2 Cranes, forklifts and site handling charges
8.3 Allocation: “Equipment cost = (Daily rate × Days used) ÷ Quantity”
Direct Cost Rate Analysis: Materials
9-Direct-Cost-Rate-Analysis-Materials-for-LGSF-Structures
9.1 Breaking down material cost per section type
9.2 Summing primary steel, fasteners and consumables
9.3 Building an item-wise rate sheet
Direct Cost Rate Analysis: Labour & Plant
10-Direct-Cost-Rate-Analysis-for-LGSF-Structures
10.1 Labour loading: basic wage, allowances, welfare
10.2 Plant overheads: fuel, maintenance and operator
10.3 Composite unit rates: “Rate = (Material + Labour + Plant) ÷ Quantity”
Overhead, Profit & Contingency Loading
11-Overhead-Profit-and-Contingency-Loading
11.1 Site overhead allocation methods (percentage or fixed)
11.2 Adding contractor’s profit margin
11.3 Contingency: Formula “Contingency = Base cost × %”
Waste, Yield Factors & Cost Impact
12-Waste-Yield-Factors-and-Cost-Impact-in-LGSF-Structures
12.1 Typical scrap and cut-off rates for LGSF
12.2 Yield factor incorporation: “Adjusted qty = Gross qty ÷ (1 – Waste %)”
12.3 Cost effect per member and overall summary
Value Engineering & Alternative Sections
13-Value-Engineering-and-Alternative-Sections-for-LGSF-Structures
13.1 Identifying high-cost beams/columns by cost per kg
13.2 Substituting alternate profiles or gauges
13.3 Re-running rate analysis to compare savings
Regional Market Benchmarking
14-Regional-Market-Benchmarking-for-LGSF-and-PEB-Structures
14.1 Gathering local tendered rates and published data
14.2 Tabulating comparative rate surveys by city/region
14.3 Adjusting for logistics, currency and inflation
Cost Control & Budget Monitoring
15-Cost-Control-and-Budget-Monitoring-for-LGSF-Projects
15.1 Setting up cost-tracking spreadsheets by element
15.2 Periodic re-estimation against actual consumption
15.3 Techniques for forecasting overruns